Mental health articles
OF mental health care and mentally ill
What is Aversion therapy?
Aversion therapy, on the other hand, is used to increase the level of fear associated with carrying out unwanted behaviours, such as those occurring in substance abuse (which includes alcoholism, tobacco smoking and the use of psychoactive drugs) and sexual deviance. Alcoholism, for example, may be treated by administering an emetic (a drug that induces […]
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What is Behaviour therapies?
Behaviour therapies are based on classical conditioning. Four main approaches will be discussed here: systematic desensitisation; aversion therapy and covert sensitisation; exposure therapy (implosion and flooding); and positive conditioning. Systematic desensitisation is based on the finding of Watson and Rayner (1920) that they could classically condition fear of a pet rat in an infant they […]
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Maintenance of behaviour disorders
As the two-factor model implies, once maladaptive behaviour has been learnt it will be maintained only if the right conditions exist. Therefore treatment must be preceded by functional analysis to establish which conditions are responsible for maintaining the behaviour in question— including stimuli, prompts and reinforcers. To assist with this, the STAR system can be […]
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Formation of behaviour disorders
Behavioural therapies are based on the assumption that mental disorders are maladaptive behaviours which have resulted from faulty learning. The case of Little Albert, given in Chapter 1, provides an example of the way that phobias may be learnt. The solution is therefore to unlearn the behaviours. Learning occurs through either association (classical conditioning) or […]
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Psychodynamic group therapies
Both Jung and Adler (particularly the latter) accepted the importance of working with patients in groups. Suitable patients are those who are able and motivated to work within the group process. This means that they must have a certain amount of ego strength in order to cope with the interaction and the emotion generated. Free […]
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Psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapies
These aim to use a briefer, more focused form of psychoanalysis which hopefully deals with the presenting problem (the problem which causes the client to seek help) more quickly than classical psychoanalysis. Nowadays, this type of therapy is far more common than psychoanalysis and is available on the NHS, (for example, Strupp (1993) used a […]
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What is Play therapy
This is based on work by Anna Freud (1952) and Melanie Klein. The idea is to allow earlier feelings and conflicts to emerge in children by using play as a means of communication. Play, as a method of uncensored communication, replaces the techniques of dream analysis and free association used with adults. Toys, such as […]
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Kleinian psychodynamic therapy
One of the most popular psychodynamic approaches in Britain today is based on object relations theory as described by Klein (18821960). Unconscious processes and early childhood experiences are emphasised in this approach, but the main focus is on the nature of early relationships with significant others. Whether such relationships are satisfying or frustrating is an […]
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Evaluation of psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is best suited to the treatment of neuroses. Freud himself regarded it as unsuitable for psychotic patients and as requiring a reasonable level of education, an assessment confirmed by Luborsky and Spence (1978). Later writers such as Boker (1992) have argued that these criteria are not essential. Psychoanalysis is often described as most suitable […]
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Freudian psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis itself employs four main techniques to uncover unconscious conflicts: •free association •transference •use of leakages of information through parapraxes, body language and physiological cues •dream interpretation These are followed by interpretative comment from the therapist and time spent working through the conflict. he whole process takes place in a therapeutic environment which is carefully […]
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