What are the causes of confusion and agitation?

Confusion and agitation are common conditions, especially in emergency or casualty settings and in medical and surgical wards in hospitals. The commonest causes are:
• side-effects of some medicines, especially in older people;
• withdrawal from alcohol in a dependent person;
• a brain illness, particularly strokes, head injury, epilepsy or infections;
• another medical illness, particularly high fevers, severe infections,
dehydration, AIDS, breathing problems, kidney or liver disease;
• being drunk or high on drugs;
• severe anxiety or stress, such as after a sudden shock.

From Mental health articles, post What are the causes of confusion and agitation?

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