Mental health articles

OF mental health care and mentally ill

Disorganised/disoriented attachment

Disorganised/disoriented attachment Infants who have experienced maltreatment or abuse at the hands of an attachment figure or whose parent is preoccupied with loss or trauma, will show signs of disturbed attachment behaviour and chronic stress. These infants may be classified as ‘disorganised’ (‘D’ pattern) in their attachment behaviours, as they do not develop an effective […]

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what is insecure attachment?

Insecure attachment Recall from earlier in this chapter that securely attached infants (‘B’ pattern) experience the carer as consistent, available and sensitive and that they are able to use the carer as a secure base from which to explore the environment. Insecurely attached infants may have experienced insensitive and/or inconsistent care and remain anxious about […]

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defining disorders of attachment

It has long been recognised that infants and children exposed to disturbed and traumatising early care may have long-term difficulties in emotional interaction and relationships. Only recently, however, have there been attempts to describe the mechanisms involved in some of the observed longer term difficulties, or to describe and classify types of attachment disorders. One […]

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Attachment theory—hypotheses

Attachment theory—hypotheses Holmes (2001, p. 6) lists several hypotheses arising from attachment theory. To paraphrase here: • Universality hypothesis: In all known cultures, human infants become attached to one or more specific caregivers. • Normality hypothesis: About 70 per cent of infants become securely attached. Secure attachment is numerically and physiologically normal. • Sensitivity hypothesis: […]

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The Adult Attachment Interview

The Adult Attachment Interview More recently, Mary Main and co-workers have developed the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) protocol, a semi-structured interview that includes a series of increasingly targeted questions and prompts designed to elicit memories and representations of early attachment relationships (George, Kaplan & Main, 1996). This standardised interview undertaken with adults is transcribed and […]

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PATTERNS OF ATTACHMENT

The attachment patterns identified at 12 to 18 months of age in the Strange Situation Procedure are: B: Secure—the infant knows how to signal her needs and the parent is able and happy to meet her in a relatively consistent way. The secure pattern is characterised by a balance between attachment and exploration, and by […]

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The Strange Situation Procedure

The Strange Situation Procedure The next major impetus to the development of attachment theory was the design and implementation, by Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters and Wall (1978), of the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP): an observation of the phenomena that occur when infants are separated and then re-united with their caregivers. By careful observation of video-tape of […]

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The origins of attachment theory

The origins of attachment theory The key historical figure in the field of attachment theory is John Bowlby. Dr John Bowlby (1907–90) was a British child psychiatrist who trained as a psychoanalyst. The work that was to become attachment theory had its origins in Bowlby’s interest in ethology (the study of the behaviour of animals […]

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Attachment theory of infant

ATTACHMENT THEORY Attachment can be defined as an enduring emotional bond characterised by a tendency to seek and maintain proximity to a specific figure(s) particularly when under stress. Parental protection acts as a provider of vital support and external emotional regulation for the young child. Caregiver sensitivity and attachment are linked to subsequent social competence […]

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Approaches to intervention in infant mental health

Approaches to intervention in infant mental health Interventions in the infant period have the core aim of promoting infant development and motivating infant potential. Interventions may occur or be targeted at multiple levels of the individual, family and social system. For example the focus may be the infant individually, the infant–parent relationship, the family, the […]

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