Mental health articles
OF mental health care and mentally ill
Regulatory disorders of infants
Regulatory disorders Regulatory disorders are characterised by the infant’s difficulties in regulating behaviour and physiological, sensory, attentional, motor or affective processes, and in organising a calm, alert or affectively positive state. Common difficulties involve feeding, sleeping and emotional control; for example, a toddler may be fearful or anxious. Parents may be concerned that their child […]
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Essential tasks of parenting in the toddler period
Essential tasks of parenting in the toddler period Parenting a toddler is a challenge to any parent. Parents who find the high demands but dependency of the baby enjoyable and rewarding are often nonplussed with the energy, determination and contrariness of the toddler. The common characteristics of the toddler are developmentally determined, not a factor […]
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Development of empathy in the toddler
Development of empathy in the toddler As the toddler’s internal sense of a loving protective parent grows he takes on the qualities that the mother or father has demonstrated and the infant has experienced. The toddler develops empathy, an understanding of how an experience is for the other, a reliable sense of right and wrong, […]
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Language and symbolic capacity of toddlers
From 18 months, most toddlers use a number of single words, although they may not be spoken clearly. They understand a lot of what is said to them, and start using two- to three-word sentences. Between two and three years of age the quantity of speech increases. At this age, toddlers can talk about events […]
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Emotional processing and control of toddler
Emotional processing and control There are two predominant anxieties of toddler years—separation anxiety and fear of disapproval (Lieberman, 1993). The toddler has to learn to satisfy curiosity and explore while remaining close enough to the parent to feel safe, and balance asserting his own will with maintaining the parent’s approval. As an intensely curious being […]
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Self-awareness and self-assertion in the toddler
Self-awareness and self-assertion in the toddler ‘Toddlers are coping for the first time with a lifelong existential dilemma: having to negotiate a balance between relying on others and doing their own thing’ . Stern makes the cogent point that the essential issues of emotional development—trust, attachment, dependence, independence, control, autonomy, mastery, individuation and self-regulation are […]
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Infant oropharyngeal trauma
Infant oropharyngeal trauma Post-traumatic feeding disorder (PTFD) is diagnosed when food refusal follows trauma to the oropharynx or oesophagus, but it is not necessarily, or commonly, seen among groups of infants in whom it might be expected to occur, for example, infants with OA. This suggests that other factors, such as oro-motor dysfunction, hypersensitivity to […]
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Failure to thrive (FTT)
FTT describes infants whose rate of physical growth is declining, or is already below the 5th centile (Casey, 1999). Although there are various further refinements in the definition of FTT, the cause is malnutrition. Non-organic FTT (NOFT) refers to infants for whom there is no identified medical explanation for poor weight gain. Population-based studies of […]
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Physical disorders
Physical disorders Feeding difficulties are frequently associated with neurological, respiratory, cardiac and gastrointestinal conditions, and with anatomical anomalies of the gastrointestinal tract. Neurological conditions affecting arousal, muscle tone and primitive reflex expression can adversely affect the motor control necessary for appropriate oro-motor function, and for swallowing that does not place the infant at risk of […]
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Significance of oral experience for development
Significance of oral experience for development Developmentally, hand-to-mouth activity gives the infant strategies for selfsoothing and practising self-regulation, and opportunities for the tactile exploration of objects by mouthing them (Field, 1999). Dowling (1977) studied the development of a small group of infants with oesophageal atresia (OA)—a condition, apparent at birth, in which the oesophagus is […]
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Mental health articles
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- Unmasking the Silent Predator: Understanding Depression
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- primary treatment for acute stress disorder
- test for acute stress disorder
- acute stress disorder signs and symptoms
- acute stress disorder causes
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