Mental health articles

OF mental health care and mentally ill

Pain and Fatigue

Thompson (2004) identified pain, fatigue, and weakness as common problems occurring among people with cerebral palsy, post polio, and spinal cord injury.Pain may result in the overuse of some joints in the case of wheel chair users or may result from spastic muscles that pull on joints. Turk (2009) reviewed the health status of adults […]

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Secondary and Comorbid Conditions

A secondary condition is a preventable physical, mental or social disorder resultingdirectly or indirectly from an initial disabling condition (Lollar, 1999; Simeonsson &McDevitt, 1999). The concept of secondary conditions is one of the hallmarks ofthinking that distinguishes disability in public health from traditional concepts ofprevention (see also Chapters “Introduction” and “Social and Behavioral Dimensions of […]

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What is physiological reserve

Mosqueda (2004) made a distinction in physiological reserve over time among peoplewithout disability, with people aging with disability, and those with injury-related disability. Her model is instructive. Mosqueda defines physiologic reserve as the buffer that allows us to cope with and recover from stressors. So it is that a 25-yearold-man can outrun a 75-year-old-man. The […]

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Aging with a Disability

Increasing survival and increasing life expectancy influence health and quality of lifeamong those who acquire disability at birth or early in life. For example, people bornwith Down syndrome had a life expectancy of 9 years in 1929, 12 years in 1949, and49 years in 1997 (Yang, Rasmussen, & Friedman, 2002). Aging with a disabilityremains largely […]

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Measurement and Conceptual Frameworks for Aging and Disability

Early efforts to measure disability among older people emerged from efforts toquantify function at the person level for rehabilitation (Frey, 1984). As noted above,aging has relied upon ADLs and IADLs. In 1959 Katz introduced Katz Activitiesof Daily Lying Scale (ADLs) (Benjamin Rose Hospital, 1959) that included sixmeasures: bathing, dressing, toileting, transfers, continence, and feeding (Katz,Ford, […]

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Progressive and Catastrophic Onset of Disability

Not all disability is caused by progressive chronic conditions. While aging anddisabilityare both dimensional and dynamic experiences, the onset of disabilitymay be catastrophic – as in the case with falls – and consequent injury – and stroke.Ferrucci et al. (1996) examined the Established Populations for EpidemiologicStudies of the Elderly (EPESE) to distinguish between progressive and […]

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Disease and Comorbid Conditions as Pathway to Disability

Disease and comorbid conditions define one pathway to disability in older age. The prevalence and risk factors for chronic conditions leading to disability are especiallyvulnerable to disparities, for example by poverty, gender, and ethnicity (Albert,2004). In one example, Ettinger et al. (1994) examined the Cardiovascular HealthStudy to identify diseasesreported as causing difficulty with particular activities. […]

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Late Life Disability

Aging research has generally employed the concepts Activities of Daily Living(ADLs) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) as methods to characterizefunction and disability. ADLs include bathing, dressing, eating, transferring,and toileting. IADLs include using the phone, driving, meal preparation,shopping, housework, managing medications, and managing finances. Employingthese concepts of ADLs and IADLs, studies from the 1980s […]

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Pathways to Disability

The characteristics of disability are shaped in large part by three pathways to disability. The most common pathway to disability occurs among older people who experience functional decline in later years – generally as a result of chronic conditions,or combinations of chronic conditions that create activity limitations overtime. For example, mild arthritis may be annoying […]

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How to control the anger?

Generally speaking, eliminating the anger can reduce the aggressive behavior. To control the anger, there’re two ways.One is to use the actual infringement to eliminate the anger. For example, (1) fight back offender. Such as taunting the one who insult you, this will reduce the aggressive behaviors you would do to them.(2)against the offender’s model […]

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